Programming Paradigms (CloudMonk.io)

Programming Paradigms

Programming Topics, Programming Glossary, Programming Fundamentals, Programming Languages, Programming paradigms, Object-oriented programming (OOP), Reactive programming, Imperative programming, Declarative programming, Procedural programming, Functional programming, Generic programming (Generics), Aspect-oriented programming, Major programming topics, Programming topics, Programming languages, Software engineering topics, Software architecture, Software architecture topics, Awesome lists

----

Introduction to Programming Paradigms

Programming paradigms are fundamental styles or approaches to programming that dictate how developers structure and write code. Each paradigm provides a different way of thinking about and solving problems, offering unique benefits and trade-offs. Understanding various programming paradigms is essential for developers as it helps them choose the right tools and methods for different tasks, ultimately leading to more efficient and effective software development.

Imperative Programming

Imperative programming is one of the oldest and most common programming paradigms. It focuses on explicitly defining sequences of commands for the computer to follow. This paradigm emphasizes how a program operates, detailing the steps required to achieve a desired outcome. Languages such as C, Java, and Python support imperative programming. Key features include the use of variables, loops, and conditional statements to control the flow of execution.

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a paradigm centered around the concept of objects, which are instances of classes. OOP organizes software design around data, or objects, rather than functions and logic. It promotes principles such as encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. Languages like Java, C++, and Ruby are popular for OOP. This paradigm aims to increase code reusability, scalability, and maintainability by modeling real-world entities and their interactions.

Functional Programming

Functional programming is a paradigm that treats computation as the evaluation of mathematical functions and avoids changing state and mutable data. It emphasizes the use of pure functions, higher-order functions, and immutability. Languages such as Haskell, Erlang, and Scala are known for their functional programming capabilities. Functional programming helps in writing concise and predictable code, making it easier to reason about and test.

Declarative Programming

Declarative programming is a paradigm that expresses the logic of computation without describing its control flow. It focuses on what the program should accomplish rather than how to achieve it. SQL, HTML, and CSS are examples of declarative languages. In declarative programming, developers specify the desired results, and the underlying system determines how to achieve those results. This paradigm often leads to more readable and maintainable code.

Procedural Programming

Procedural programming is a subset of imperative programming that emphasizes the concept of procedure calls. Procedures, also known as routines, subroutines, or functions, are blocks of code designed to perform specific tasks. Languages like C, Pascal, and BASIC support procedural programming. This paradigm encourages modularity and code reuse by organizing the program into procedures that can be invoked multiple times.

Logical Programming

Logical programming is a paradigm based on formal logic. In logical programming, developers define a set of facts and rules that describe the relationships between different entities. The program queries these facts and rules to derive conclusions or solve problems. Prolog is the most well-known logical programming language. This paradigm is particularly useful for solving problems involving symbolic reasoning, such as natural language processing and artificial intelligence.

Event-Driven Programming

Event-Driven Programming is a paradigm in which the flow of the program is determined by events such as user actions, sensor outputs, or message passing. This approach is commonly used in graphical user interfaces, real-time systems, and interactive applications. Languages like JavaScript, C#, and VB.NET support event-driven programming. It enables responsive and interactive applications by reacting to events as they occur.

Concurrent and Parallel Programming

Concurrent and Parallel Programming are paradigms that deal with executing multiple computations simultaneously. Concurrent programming focuses on managing multiple tasks at the same time, often within a single processor. Parallel programming involves dividing tasks into smaller sub-tasks that run simultaneously on multiple processors. Languages such as Java, Go, and Python provide support for concurrency and parallelism. These paradigms are essential for optimizing performance in multi-core and distributed computing environments.

Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP)

Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP) is a paradigm that aims to increase modularity by allowing the separation of cross-cutting concerns, such as logging, security, and transaction management. AOP introduces aspects, which encapsulate behaviors that affect multiple classes into reusable modules. Languages like AspectJ and frameworks like Spring AOP support aspect-oriented programming. This paradigm helps in reducing code duplication and improving maintainability.

Hybrid Programming

Hybrid Programming involves combining elements from multiple paradigms to leverage their respective strengths. Many modern programming languages, such as Python, Scala, and JavaScript, support multiple paradigms, allowing developers to use the most appropriate approach for different parts of their applications. Hybrid programming enables flexibility and adaptability in software development, making it easier to tackle complex problems.

Conclusion

Understanding different programming paradigms is crucial for developers, as each paradigm offers unique tools and methods for solving problems. By learning and applying various paradigms, developers can choose the most suitable approach for their specific needs, leading to more efficient, maintainable, and scalable software. As the software development landscape continues to evolve, familiarity with multiple paradigms will remain an essential skill for developers.

Reference for additional reading

* Programming paradigms Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_paradigm
* Object-Oriented Programming principles: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/object-oriented-programming-oops-concept-in-java/
* Introduction to Functional Programming: https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/an-introduction-to-functional-programming-style/
* Declarative Programming overview: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/18254/declarative-programming
* Concurrent and Parallel Programming: https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/i/7.4?topic=programming-concurrent-parallel

----

* Programming paradigms
** Object-oriented programming (OOP)
** Imperative programming
** Declarative programming
** Procedural programming
** Functional programming
** Reactive programming
** Generic programming - Generics
** Aspect-oriented programming (AOP)

Short description: Programming language classification (Classification of programming languages): Definition of the term "programming model"

Error: File not found: Programming paradigms navbar

Programming paradigms navbar

Programming paradigms are a way to classify programming languages based on their features. Languages can be classified into multiple paradigms.

Some paradigms are concerned mainly with implications for the execution model of the language, such as allowing Side effect (computer science)|side effects, or whether the sequence of operations is defined by the execution model. Other paradigms are concerned mainly with the way that code is organized, such as grouping a code into units along with the state that is modified by the code. Yet others are concerned mainly with the style of syntax and grammar.

Common programming paradigms include:Nørmark, Kurt. [http://people.cs.aau.dk/~normark/prog3-03/html/notes/paradigms_themes-paradigm-overview-section.html Overview of the four main programming paradigms]. Aalborg University, 9 May 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2012.{{cite web
|url= http://cgi.csc.liv.ac.uk/~frans/OldLectures/2CS24/declarative.html#detail
|title= Characteristics of declarative programming languages
|date= 1999-10-11 |access-date= 2014-02-20
|author= Frans Coenen |website= cgi.csc.liv.ac.uk
}}{{cite web
|url = http://www.ai.uga.edu/mc/LispNotes/FirstLectureOnSymbolicProgramming.pdf
|title = CSCI/ARTI 4540/6540: First Lecture on Symbolic Programming and LISP
|date = 2010-08-23
|access-date = 2013-11-20
|author = Michael A. Covington
|publisher = University of Georgia
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120307124013/http://www.ai.uga.edu/mc/LispNotes/FirstLectureOnSymbolicProgramming.pdf
|archive-date = 2012-03-07
|url-status = dead
}}
* imperative programming|imperative in which the programmer instructs the machine how to change its state,
** procedural programming|procedural which groups instructions into procedures,
** object-oriented programming|object-oriented which groups instructions with the part of the state they operate on,
* declarative programming|declarative in which the programmer merely declares properties of the desired result, but not how to compute it
** functional programming|functional in which the desired result is declared as the value of a series of function applications,
** logic programming|logic in which the desired result is declared as the answer to a question about a system of facts and rules,
** Mathematical programming|mathematical in which the desired result is declared as the solution of an optimization problem
** Reactive programming|reactive in which the desired result is declared with data streams and the propagation of change

Symbolic programming|Symbolic techniques such as Reflection (computer programming)|reflection, which allow the program to refer to itself, might also be considered as a programming paradigm. However, this is compatible with the major paradigms and thus is not a real paradigm in its own right.

For example, languages that fall into the imperative paradigm have two main features: they state the order in which operations occur, with constructs that explicitly control that order, and they allow side effects, in which state can be modified at one point in time, within one unit of code, and then later read at a different point in time inside a different unit of code. The communication between the units of code is not explicit. Meanwhile, in object-oriented programming, code is organized into Object (programming)|objects that contain a state that is only modified by the code that is part of the object. Most object-oriented languages are also imperative languages. In contrast, languages that fit the declarative paradigm do not state the order in which to execute operations. Instead, they supply a number of available operations in the system, along with the conditions under which each is allowed to execute. The implementation of the language's execution model tracks which operations are free to execute and chooses the order independently. More at Comparison of multi-paradigm programming languages.

Overview

[[Image:Programming paradigms.svg|thumb|250px|left|Overview of the various programming paradigms according to Peter Van Roy{{Cite web
|url= http://www.info.ucl.ac.be/~pvr/VanRoyChapter.pdf
|title= Programming Paradigms: What Every Programmer Should Know
|date= 2009-05-12 |access-date= 2014-01-27
|author= Peter Van Roy |publisher= info.ucl.ac.be
}}Error: File not found: rp|5Error: File not found: cite book|author1=Peter Van-Roy|author2=Seif Haridi|title=Concepts, Techniques, and Models of Computer Programming|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_bmyEnUnfTsC|year=2004|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-22069-9]]

Just as software engineering (as a process) is defined by differing methodologies, so the programming languages (as models of computation) are defined by differing paradigms. Some languages are designed to support one paradigm (Smalltalk supports object-oriented programming, Haskell (programming language)|Haskell supports functional programming), while other programming languages support multiple paradigms (such as Object Pascal, C++, Java (programming language)|Java, JavaScript, C Sharp (programming language)|C#, Scala (programming language)|Scala, Visual Basic, Common Lisp, Scheme (programming language)|Scheme, Perl, PHP, Python (programming language)|Python, Ruby (programming language)|Ruby, Oz (programming language)|Oz, and F Sharp (programming language)|F#). For example, programs written in C++, Object Pascal or PHP can be purely procedural programming|procedural, purely object-oriented programming|object-oriented, or can contain elements of both or other paradigms. Software designers and programmers decide how to use those paradigm elements.

In object-oriented programming, programs are treated as a set of interacting objects. In functional programming, programs are treated as a sequence of stateless function evaluations. When programming computers or systems with many processors, in process-oriented programming, programs are treated as sets of concurrent processes that act on a logical shared data structures.

Many programming paradigms are as well known for the techniques they forbid as for those they enable. For instance, pure functional programming disallows use of side-effect (computer science)|side-effects, while structured programming disallows use of the goto statement. Partly for this reason, new paradigms are often regarded as doctrinaire or overly rigid by those accustomed to earlier styles.Error: File not found: cite journal|author=Frank Rubin |date=March 1987 |url=http://www.ecn.purdue.edu/ParaMount/papers/rubin87goto.pdf |title='GOTO Considered Harmful' Considered Harmful |journal=Communications of the ACM |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=195–196 |doi=10.1145/214748.315722 |s2cid=6853038 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090320002214/http://www.ecn.purdue.edu/ParaMount/papers/rubin87goto.pdf |archive-date=March 20, 2009 Yet, avoiding certain techniques can make it easier to understand program behavior, and to Automated theorem proving|prove theorems about program correctness.

Programming paradigms can also be compared with programming models, which allows invoking an execution model by using only an API. Programming models can also be classified into paradigms based on features of the execution model.

For parallel computing, using a programming model instead of a language is common. The reason is that details of the parallel hardware leak into the abstractions used to program the hardware. This causes the programmer to have to map patterns in the algorithm onto patterns in the execution model (which have been inserted due to leakage of hardware into the abstraction). As a consequence, no one parallel programming language maps well to all computation problems. Thus, it is more convenient to use a base sequential language and insert API calls to parallel execution models via a programming model. Such parallel programming models can be classified according to abstractions that reflect the hardware, such as shared memory, distributed memory with message passing, notions of place visible in the code, and so forth. These can be considered flavors of programming paradigm that apply to only parallel languages and programming models.

Criticism

Some programming language researchers criticise the notion of paradigms as a classification of programming languages, e.g. Harper,Error: File not found: cite web|first=Robert|last=Harper|title=What, if anything, is a programming-paradigm?|url=http://www.cambridgeblog.org/2017/05/what-if-anything-is-a-programming-paradigm/|website = FifteenEightyFour|publisher = Cambridge University Press|date = 1 May 2017 and Krishnamurthi.Error: File not found: cite web |first= Shriram |last= Krishnamurthi |publisher= ACM |url= http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1480846 |title= Teaching programming languages in a post-linnaean age |work= SIGPLAN |id= Not. 43, 11 |date= November 2008 |pages= 81–83. They argue that many programming languages cannot be strictly classified into one paradigm, but rather include features from several paradigms. See Comparison of multi-paradigm programming languages.

History

Different approaches to programming have developed over time, being identified as such either at the time or retrospectively. An early approach consciously identified as such is structured programming, advocated since the mid 1960s. The concept of a "programming paradigm" as such dates at least to 1978, in the Turing Award lecture of Robert W. Floyd, entitled The Paradigms of Programming, which cites the notion of paradigm as used by Thomas Kuhn in his The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962).Error: File not found: Cite journal |last1= Floyd |first1= R. W. |title= The paradigms of programming |url= http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=359140&ftid=289772&dwn=1&CFID=285645736&CFTOKEN=55009136| doi= 10.1145/359138.359140 |journal= Communications of the ACM |volume= 22 |issue= 8 |pages= 455–460 |year= 1979 |doi-access= free

= Machine code

=
The low-level programming language|lowest-level programming paradigms are machine code, which directly represents the Instruction set|instructions (the contents of program memory) as a sequence of numbers, and assembly language where the machine instructions are represented by mnemonics and memory addresses can be given symbolic labels. These are sometimes called First-generation programming language|first- and Second-generation programming language|second-generation languages.

In the 1960s, assembly languages were developed to support library COPY and quite sophisticated conditional macro generation and preprocessing abilities, CALL to (subroutines), external variables and common sections (globals), enabling significant code re-use and isolation from hardware specifics via the use of logical operators such as READ/WRITE/GET/PUT. Assembly was, and still is, used for time-critical systems and often in embedded systems as it gives the most direct control of what the machine does.

= Procedural languages

=
The next advance was the development of procedural languages. These third-generation programming language|third-generation languages (the first described as high-level programming language|high-level languages) use vocabulary related to the problem being solved. For example,
* COmmon Business Oriented Language (COBOL)Error: File not found: snd uses terms like computer file|file, move (command)|move and copy (command)|copy.
* FORmula TRANslation (FORTRAN)Error: File not found: snd using mathematical language terminology, it was developed mainly for scientific and engineering problems.
* ALGOrithmic Language (ALGOL)Error: File not found: snd focused on being an appropriate language to define algorithms, while using mathematical language terminology, targeting scientific and engineering problems, just like FORTRAN.
* Programming Language One (PL/I)Error: File not found: snd a hybrid commercial-scientific general purpose language supporting pointer (computer programming)|pointers.
* Beginners All purpose Symbolic Instruction Code (BASIC)Error: File not found: snd it was developed to enable more people to write programs.
* C (programming language)|CError: File not found: snd a general-purpose programming language, initially developed by Dennis Ritchie between 1969 and 1973 at AT&T Bell Labs.

All these languages follow the procedural paradigm. That is, they describe, step by step, exactly the procedure that should, according to the particular programmer at least, be followed to solve a specific problem. The efficacy and algorithmic efficiency|efficiency of any such solution are both therefore entirely subjective and highly dependent on that programmer's experience, inventiveness, and ability.

= Object-oriented programming

=
Error: File not found: Main|Object-oriented programming

Following the widespread use of procedural languages, object-oriented programming (OOP) languages were created, such as Simula, Smalltalk, C++, Eiffel (programming language)|Eiffel, Python (programming language)|Python, PHP, Java (programming language)|Java, and C Sharp (programming language)|C#. In these languages, data and methods to manipulate it are kept as one unit called an object (computer science)|object. With perfect Encapsulation (computer programming)|encapsulation, one of the distinguishing features of OOP, the only way that another object or user would be able to access the data is via the object's Method (computer programming)|methods. Thus, an object's inner workings may be changed without affecting any code that uses the object. There is still some Object-oriented programming#Criticism|controversy raised by Alexander Stepanov, Richard StallmanError: File not found: cite web|url=http://groups.google.com/group/comp.emacs.xemacs/browse_thread/thread/d0af257a2837640c/37f251537fafbb03?lnk=st&q=%22Richard+Stallman%22+oop&rnum=5&hl=en#37f251537fafbb03|title=Mode inheritance, cloning, hooks & OOP (Google Groups Discussion) and other programmers, concerning the efficacy of the OOP paradigm versus the procedural paradigm. The need for every object to have associative methods leads some skeptics to associate OOP with software bloat; an attempt to resolve this dilemma came through Polymorphism (computer science)|polymorphism.

Because object-oriented programming is considered a paradigm, not a language, it is possible to create even an object-oriented assembler language. High Level Assembly (HLA) is an example of this that fully supports advanced data types and object-oriented assembly language programmingError: File not found: snd despite its early origins. Thus, differing programming paradigms can be seen rather like motivational memes of their advocates, rather than necessarily representing progress from one level to the nextError: File not found: Citation needed|date=March 2018. Precise comparisons of competing paradigms' efficacy are frequently made more difficult because of new and differing terminology applied to similar entities and processes together with numerous implementation distinctions across languages.

= Further paradigms

=
Literate programming, as a form of imperative programming, structures programs as a human-centered web, as in a hypertext essay: documentation is integral to the program, and the program is structured following the logic of prose exposition, rather than compiler convenience.

Independent of the imperative branch, declarative programming paradigms were developed. In these languages, the computer is told what the problem is, not how to solve the problemError: File not found: snd the program is structured as a set of properties to find in the expected result, not as a procedure to follow. Given a database or a set of rules, the computer tries to find a solution matching all the desired properties. An archetype of a declarative language is the fourth-generation programming language|fourth generation language SQL, and the family of functional languages and logic programming.

Functional programming is a subset of declarative programming. Programs written using this paradigm use subroutine|functions, blocks of code intended to behave like function (mathematics)|mathematical functions. Functional languages discourage changes in the value of variables through assignment (computer science)|assignment, making a great deal of use of recursion (computer science)|recursion instead.

The logic programming paradigm views computation as automated reasoning over a body of knowledge. Facts about the domain (software engineering)|problem domain are expressed as logic formulas, and programs are executed by applying inference rules over them until an answer to the problem is found, or the set of formulas is proved inconsistent.

Symbolic programming is a paradigm that describes programs able to manipulate formulas and program components as data. Programs can thus effectively modify themselves, and appear to "learn", making them suited for applications such as artificial intelligence, expert systems, natural-language processing and computer games. Languages that support this paradigm include Lisp (programming language)|Lisp and Prolog.{{cite web
|url= http://www.allbusiness.com/glossaries/symbolic-programming/4950308-1.html
|title= Business glossary: Symbolic programming definition
|access-date= 2014-07-30
|website= allbusiness.com
}}

Differentiable programming structures programs so that they can be Differentiation (mathematics)|differentiated throughout, usually via automatic differentiation.Error: File not found: Citation|last1=Wang|first1=Fei|title=Backpropagation with Callbacks: Foundations for Efficient and Expressive Differentiable Programming|date=2018|url=http://papers.nips.cc/paper/8221-backpropagation-with-callbacks-foundations-for-efficient-and-expressive-differentiable-programming.pdf|work=Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 31|pages=10201–10212|editor-last=Bengio|editor-first=S.|publisher=Curran Associates, Inc.|access-date=2019-02-13|last2=Decker|first2=James|last3=Wu|first3=Xilun|last4=Essertel|first4=Gregory|last5=Rompf|first5=Tiark|editor2-last=Wallach|editor2-first=H.|editor3-last=Larochelle|editor3-first=H.|editor4-last=Grauman|editor4-first=K.Error: File not found: Cite journal|last=Innes|first=Mike|date=2018|title=On Machine Learning and Programming Languages|url=http://www.sysml.cc/doc/37.pdf|journal=SysML Conference 2018|access-date=2019-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920175619/http://www.sysml.cc/doc/37.pdf|archive-date=2018-09-20|url-status=dead

Support for multiple paradigms

See also: Comparison of multi-paradigm programming languages

Most programming languages support more than one programming paradigm to allow programmers to use the most suitable programming style and associated language constructs for a given job.Error: File not found: cite web |title=Multi-Paradigm Programming Language |url=https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/multiparadigmlanguage.html |website=developer.mozilla.org |publisher=Mozilla Foundation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821052407/https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/multiparadigmlanguage.html |archive-date=21 August 2013

External links

*[http://www.info.ucl.ac.be/~pvr/paradigms.html Classification of the principal programming paradigms]
*[http://www.janeve.me/articles/understanding-programming-paradigms How programming paradigms evolve and get adopted?]

Error: File not found: Software engineering navbar

Error: File not found: Computer language navbar

Error: File not found: Programming language generations navbar

Error: File not found: Major programming languages navbar

Error: File not found: Programming language navbar

Error: File not found: Computer_science navbar

External Sites

* ddg>Programming paradigms on DuckDuckGo
* github>Programming paradigms on GitHub
* youtube>Programming paradigms on YouTube
* stackoverflow>Programming paradigms on StackOverflow
* reddit>Programming paradigms on Reddit
* quora>Programming paradigms on Quora

Fair Use Sources

* G4
* ddg>ZZZ on DuckDuckGo

Programming: Programming languages

Variables and Data Types, Control Structures, Functions and Methods, Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), Functional Programming, Procedural Programming, Event-Driven Programming, Concurrent and Parallel Programming, Error Handling and Debugging, Memory Management, Recursion, Algorithms, Data Structures, Design Patterns, Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), Version Control Systems, Database Programming, Web Development, Mobile App Development, Game Development, Machine Learning and AI Programming, Network Programming, API Development, Security in Programming, Testing and Quality Assurance, User Interface and User Experience Design, Scripting Languages, Assembly Language, High-Level Programming Languages, Low-Level Programming Languages, Compiler Design, Interpreter Design, Garbage Collection, Regular Expressions, Graphical User Interface (GUI) Programming, Command Line Interface Development, Cross-Platform Development, Cloud Computing in Programming, Blockchain Programming, IoT Programming, Embedded Systems Programming, Microservices Architecture, Serverless Architecture, Big Data Technologies, Data Visualization, Data Mining and Analysis, Natural Language Processing (NLP), Computer Graphics Programming, Virtual Reality (VR) Development, Augmented Reality (AR) Development, Cryptography in Programming, Distributed Systems, Real-Time Systems Programming, Operating System Development, Compiler and Interpreter Development, Quantum Computing, Software Project Management, Agile Methodologies, DevOps Practices, Continuous Integration and Continuous Deployment (CI/CD), Software Maintenance and Evolution, Software Licensing, Open Source Development, Accessibility in Software Development, Internationalization and Localization, Performance Optimization, Scalability Techniques, Code Refactoring, Design Principles, API Design, Data Modeling, Software Documentation, Peer-to-Peer Networking, Socket Programming, Front-End Development, Back-End Development, Full Stack Development, Secure Coding Practices, Code Reviews, Unit Testing, Integration Testing, System Testing, Functional Programming Paradigms, Imperative Programming, Declarative Programming, Software Architecture, Cloud-Native Development, Infrastructure as Code (IaC), Ethical Hacking for Developers, Artificial Intelligence Ethics in Programming, Software Compliance and Standards, Software Auditing, Debugging Tools and Techniques, Code Optimization Techniques, Software Deployment Strategies, End-User Computing, Computational Thinking, Programming Logic and Techniques, Advanced Data Management

Agile, algorithms, APIs, asynchronous programming, automation, backend, CI/CD, classes, CLI, client-side, cloud (Cloud Native-AWS-Azure-GCP-IBM Cloud-IBM Mainframe-OCI), comments, compilers, concurrency, conditional expressions, containers, control flow, databases, data manipulation, data persistence, data science, data serialization, data structures, dates and times, debugging, dependency injection, design patterns, DevOps, distributed software, Docker, error handling, file I/O, frameworks, frontend, functions, functional programming, GitHub, history, Homebrew, IDEs, installation, JetBrains, JSON, JSON Web Token (JWT), K8S, lambdas, language spec, libraries, linters, Linux, logging, macOS, methods, ML, microservices, mobile dev, modules, monitoring, multi-threaded, network programming, null, numbers, objects, object-oriented programming, observability, OOP, ORMs, packages, package managers, performance, programmers, programming, reactive, refactoring, reserved words, REST APIs, RHEL, SDK, secrets, security, serverless, server-side, Snapcraft, SQL, StackOverflow, standards, standard library, statements, scope, scripting, syntax, systems programming, TDD, testing, tools, type system, web dev, variables, versions, Ubuntu, unit testing, Windows; topics-courses-books-docs. (navbar_programming - see also navbar_variables, navbar_programming_libraries, navbar_data_structures, navbar_algorithms, navbar_software_architecture, navbar_agile)

----

Cloud Monk is Retired (impermanence |for now). Buddha with you. Copyright | © Beginningless Time - Present Moment - Three Times: The Buddhas or Fair Use. Disclaimers

SYI LU SENG E MU CHYWE YE. NAN. WEI LA YE. WEI LA YE. SA WA HE.

----

Programming Paradigms (CloudMonk.io)